Изменяют ли библиотеки хранилище смарт-контракта?

#ethereum #libraries #solidity #smartcontracts

#ethereum #библиотеки #надежность #смарт-контракты

Вопрос:

Я хочу создать прокси-контракт и другой контракт, который ссылается на его функции, используя delegatecall() . Вот фрагмент прокси:

 pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
    /**
     * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
     */
    library Math {
        /**
         * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
         */
        function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            return a >= b ? a : b;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
         */
        function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            return a < b ? a : b;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
         * zero.
         */
        function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            // (a   b) / 2 can overflow, so we distribute
            return (a / 2)   (b / 2)   ((a % 2   b % 2) / 2);
        }
    }
    
    // File: @openzeppelin/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol
    
    pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
    
    /**
     * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's arithmetic operations with added overflow
     * checks.
     *
     * Arithmetic operations in Solidity wrap on overflow. This can easily result
     * in bugs, because programmers usually assume that an overflow raises an
     * error, which is the standard behavior in high level programming languages.
     * `SafeMath` restores this intuition by reverting the transaction when an
     * operation overflows.
     *
     * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
     * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
     */
    library SafeMath {
        /**
         * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on
         * overflow.
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's ` ` operator.
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - Addition cannot overflow.
         */
        function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            uint256 c = a   b;
            require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");
    
            return c;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on
         * overflow (when the result is negative).
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
         */
        function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            return sub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on
         * overflow (when the result is negative).
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
         *
         * _Available since v2.4.0._
         */
        function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            require(b <= a, errorMessage);
            uint256 c = a - b;
    
            return c;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on
         * overflow.
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
         */
        function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
            // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
            // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
            if (a == 0) {
                return 0;
            }
    
            uint256 c = a * b;
            require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");
    
            return c;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on
         * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
         * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
         * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - The divisor cannot be zero.
         */
        function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            return div(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts with custom message on
         * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
         * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
         * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - The divisor cannot be zero.
         *
         * _Available since v2.4.0._
         */
        function div(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
            require(b > 0, errorMessage);
            uint256 c = a / b;
            // assert(a == b * c   a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    
            return c;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
         * Reverts when dividing by zero.
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
         * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
         * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - The divisor cannot be zero.
         */
        function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            return mod(a, b, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
         * Reverts with custom message when dividing by zero.
         *
         * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
         * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
         * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
         *
         * Requirements:
         * - The divisor cannot be zero.
         *
         * _Available since v2.4.0._
         */
        function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            require(b != 0, errorMessage);
            return a % b;
        }
    }
    
    // File: @openzeppelin/contracts/GSN/Context.sol
    
    pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
    
    /*
     * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
     * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
     * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
     * manner, since when dealing with GSN meta-transactions the account sending and
     * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
     * is concerned).
     *
     * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
     */
    contract Context {
        // Empty internal constructor, to prevent people from mistakenly deploying
        // an instance of this contract, which should be used via inheritance.
        constructor () internal { }
        // solhint-disable-previous-line no-empty-blocks
    
        function _msgSender() internal view returns (address payable) {
            return msg.sender;
        }
    
        function _msgData() internal view returns (bytes memory) {
            this; // silence state mutability warning without generating bytecode - see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/2691
            return msg.data;
        }
    }
    
    // File: @openzeppelin/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol
    
    pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
    
    /**
     * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
     * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
     * specific functions.
     *
     * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
     * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
     * the owner.
     */
    contract Ownable is Context {
        address private _owner;
    
        event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
    
        /**
         * @dev Initializes the contract setting the deployer as the initial owner.
         */
        constructor () internal {
            _owner = _msgSender();
            emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), _owner);
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
         */
        function owner() public view returns (address) {
            return _owner;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
         */
        modifier onlyOwner() {
            require(isOwner(), "Ownable: caller is not the owner");
            _;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns true if the caller is the current owner.
         */
        function isOwner() public view returns (bool) {
            return _msgSender() == _owner;
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
         * `onlyOwner` functions anymore. Can only be called by the current owner.
         *
         * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
         * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
         */
        function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
            emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
            _owner = address(0);
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
         * Can only be called by the current owner.
         */
        function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
            _transferOwnership(newOwner);
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
         */
        function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
            require(newOwner != address(0), "Ownable: new owner is the zero address");
            emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
            _owner = newOwner;
        }
    }
    
    // File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol
    
    pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
    
    /**
     * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP. Does not include
     * the optional functions; to access them see {ERC20Detailed}.
     */
    interface IERC20 {
        /**
         * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
         */
        function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
         */
        function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);
    
        /**
         * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `recipient`.
         *
         * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event.
         */
        function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
    
        /**
         * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
         * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
         * zero by default.
         *
         * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
         */
         
        function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);
    
        /**
         * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
         *
         * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
         *
         * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
         * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
         * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
         * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
         * desired value afterwards:
         * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
         *
         * Emits an {Approval} event.
         */
        function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
    
        /**
         * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient` using the
         * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
         * allowance.
         *
         * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event.
         */
        function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
    
        /**
         * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
         * another (`to`).
         *
         * Note that `value` may be zero.
         */
        event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    
        /**
         * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
         * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
         */
        event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
    }
    
    // File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Address.sol
    
    pragma solidity ^0.5.5;
    
    /**
     * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
     */
    library Address {
        /**
         * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
         *
         * This test is non-exhaustive, and there may be false-negatives: during the
         * execution of a contract's constructor, its address will be reported as
         * not containing a contract.
         *
         * IMPORTANT: It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this
         * function returns false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a
         * contract.
         */
        function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
            // This method relies in extcodesize, which returns 0 for contracts in
            // construction, since the code is only stored at the end of the
            // constructor execution.
    
            // According to EIP-1052, 0x0 is the value returned for not-yet created accounts
            // and 0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470 is returned
            // for accounts without code, i.e. `keccak256('')`
            bytes32 codehash;
            bytes32 accountHash = 0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470;
            // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
            assembly { codehash := extcodehash(account) }
            return (codehash != 0x0 amp;amp; codehash != accountHash);
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Converts an `address` into `address payable`. Note that this is
         * simply a type cast: the actual underlying value is not changed.
         *
         * _Available since v2.4.0._
         */
        function toPayable(address account) internal pure returns (address payable) {
            return address(uint160(account));
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
         * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
         *
         * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
         * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
         * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
         * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
         *
         * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
         *
         * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
         * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
         * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
         * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
         *
         * _Available since v2.4.0._
         */
        function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
            require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");
    
            // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-call-value
            (bool success, ) = recipient.call.value(amount)("");
            require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
        }
    }
    
    // File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/SafeERC20.sol
    
    pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
    
    
    
    
    /**
     * @title SafeERC20
     * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
     * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
     * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
     * successful.
     * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for ERC20;` statement to your contract,
     * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
     */
    library SafeERC20 {
        using SafeMath for uint256;
        using Address for address;
    
        function safeTransfer(IERC20 token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
            callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
        }
    
        function safeTransferFrom(IERC20 token, address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
            callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
        }
    
        function safeApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
            // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
            // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
            // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
            // solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
            require((value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
                "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
            );
            callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
        }
    
        function safeIncreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
            uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender).add(value);
            callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    
        function safeDecreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
            uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender).sub(value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    
        /**
         * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
         * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
         * @param token The token targeted by the call.
         * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
         */
        function callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
            // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
            // we're implementing it ourselves.
    
            // A Solidity high level call has three parts:
            //  1. The target address is checked to verify it contains contract code
            //  2. The call itself is made, and success asserted
            //  3. The return value is decoded, which in turn checks the size of the returned data.
            // solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
            require(address(token).isContract(), "SafeERC20: call to non-contract");
    
            // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
            (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = address(token).call(data);
            require(success, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
    
            if (returndata.length > 0) { // Return data is optional
                // solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
                require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
            }
        }
    }
    
    
    pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
    
    contract A {
        using SafeMath for uint256; 
        using SafeERC20 for IERC20; 
        function f() public { [...] };
        [...]
    }
 

Я хочу обратиться к функциям контракта ‘A’, используя delegatecall() из другого контракта ‘B’. Такие библиотеки, как SafeMath или SafeERC20, становятся бесполезными, потому что в теле функций контракта «B» будет что-то вроде этого:

 (bool success, ) =  A.delegatecall(abi.encodeWithSignature("f()")); 
require(success, "[...]");
 

Но я знаю, что использование delegatecall() является плохой практикой без сохранения того же хранилища прокси-контракта, поэтому мой вопрос: можно ли избежать библиотек, которые вы видите в первом фрагменте кода контракта B, но с сохранением того же исходного хранилища?

Комментарии:

1. Было бы неплохо спросить на stack exchange ETH

2. просто скомпилируйте свой код, затем разберите его, и если в этом коде есть SSTORE инструкция, то она изменит хранилище. Если нет SSTORE инструкции, то этот контракт не изменит состояние. Это просто, работает с любым кодом.

3. библиотеки, такие как Math, не изменяют хранилище, работают с прямой памятью (MLOAD / MSTORE) и стеком (push / pop), поэтому беспокоиться не о чем. Они не становятся бесполезными, они просто делают то, что должны, независимо от хранилища